CHAPTER 6 : DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS

Direct Current motor is is one kind of electric motor, as we known an electric motors are used in some industry. so, electric motor using electrical and magnetic energy to produce mechanical energy. The mechanical energy depends on the interaction between two magnetic field. In DC motor there are two magnetic area which are north and south area.

From the picture above shows that the red part represent about north magnetic and the green part represent about south magnetic. Another, there are commutator, brushes, and single coil.

Basic principle of DC motors is two magnetic fields can be made to interact to produce motion and the purpose of a motor is to produce a rotating force known as torque.

DC motors are used where a wide range of torque and speed control is required to match the needs of the application. A current carrying conductor, placed in an rights angles to magnetic field, tends to move at right angles to the field. The amount of exerted to move it varies directly with the strength of the magnetic field, the amount of current flowing through the conductor, and the length of the conductor.

So, how determine the direction of movement of conductor carrying current in magnetic field ?

Right Hand motor rule !!

The thumb and the first two fingers of the right hand are arranged so that they are at right angles to each other, with the force finger pointing in the direction of magnetic lines of force of the field and the middle finger pointing in the direction of current flow using plus (+) and minus (-) in the conductor. The thumb will be pointing in the direction of movement of the conductor. From the figure above illustrate how motor torque is produced by a current carrying coil or loop of wire placed in a magnetic field. The interaction between two magnetic field causes a bending of the line force. when the line tends to straighten out, they cause the loop to undergo a rotating movement. The left conductor is forced doneward, and the right conductor is forced upward, cause a counter clockwise rotation of armature, So the torque can be produced by this principles.

References :

Petruzella, D. Frank (1996). Industrial Electronics. New York : McGraw-Hill 

CHAPTER 5 : INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Integrated Circuit (IC) electronic circuit with contained within single chip of silicon. In other explanation IC semiconductors wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors fabricated.

There are two kind of Integrated Circuit (IC) :

1. Linear/analog IC have continuously variable output (theoretically capable of attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on the input signal level. As the term implies, the output signal level is a linear function of the input signal level. Ideally, when the instantaneous output is graphed against the instantaneous input, the plot appears as a straight line. Linear ICs are used as audio freqiuency (AF) and radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers. The operational amplifier (op amp) is a common device in these applications.
   
2. Digital IC operate at only a few defined levels or states, rather than over a continuous range of signal amplitudes. These devices are used in computers, computer networks, modems, and frequency counters. The fundamental building blocks of digital ICs are logic gates, which work with binary data, that is, signals that have only two different states, called low (logic 0) and high (logic 1).
   

References :

Petruzella, D. Frank (1996). Industrial Electronics. New York : McGraw-Hill

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/integrated-circuit-IC

CHAPTER 4 : RELAY

Actuator is any devices that converts an electrical signal into mechanical motion. So, actuator like as output. One type of relay is relays. Relay is simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts. Another explanation is an electrically operated device that mechanically switches electric circuit.

1. There are four components in relay: electromagnetic, armature, spring, set of electrical contacts. Relay has control over several variables:The voltage and current that is needed to activate the armature
2. The maximum voltage and current that can run through the armature and the armature contacts
3. The number of armatures (generally one or two)
4. The number of contacts for the armature (generally one or two -- the relay shown here has two, one of which is unused)
5. Whether the contact (if only one contact is provided) is normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC)

From the figure above, we can analyze that if button we push number 87a is known as Normally Closed (NC) because it isNormally closed.That means it lets current flow through it in its normal statea and number 87 is known as Normally Open (NO) because (you guessed it) it's Normally open. That means it wont let current through in its normal state.

References :

Petruzella, D. Frank (1996). Industrial Electronics. New York : McGraw-Hill

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/relay1.htm

http://www.allcorsa.co.uk/forums/showthread.php/relays-work-42660.html

CHAPTER 3 : THE PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

In this article, I want to share you about transformer! what is transformer?

Transformer is a static device used to transfer energy from one to another circuit without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual induction between two windings. It transforms power from one circuit to another without changing its frequency but may be in different voltage level. There are two kind of transformer :

1. step up transformer 

2. step down transformer

The differences between step-up and step down transformer is depend on the transfer energy of the voltage. When the transformation take place with an increase in voltage it's called step up transformer but if the voltage is decreased, it's called a step down transformer.

The figure above shows the part of transformer, there are primary and secondary winding or coils, and also primary coils. Primary winding used to the power from supply and from primary come to secondary winding which is used to delivers the power to the load.

So, How the transformer works?

The principle of transformer is depends on Faraday's Law about electromagnetic induction. mutual induction is one of principle of transformer. mutual induction occurs when the magnetic field surrounding one conductor cuts across another conductor inducing a voltage in it.

one of application of transformer :

References  :

Petruzella, D. Frank (1996). Industrial Electronics. New York : McGraw-Hill 
http://www.electrical4u.com/what-is-transformer-definition-working-principle-of-transformer/

CHAPTER 2 : ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS

Talking about the symbol of course everyone knows will symbol, each object must have a symbol to present the objects, as well as in the world of electronic components each industry must have a symbol, it is becoming important as to make it easy for us considering the various types of electronic components and also to enable us to make electronic circuit that serves as a driving force or programs from an electronic goods.

So as industrial engineering, the use of the symbol is important because in many companies use the symbol to indicate a command or instruction. The creation of symbol must match the standard that has been set as to facilitate readers because if different standard then the reader will feel the confusion with the meaning of the symbol.

         “Symbols sometimes look nothing like the real thing, so we have to learn what the symbols mean”

In this article discusses the symbol used in the electronics components industry. These are some examples of electrical symbols.

References :

Petruzella, D. Frank (1996). Industrial Electronics. New York : McGraw-Hill 

http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.htm (Retrieved on May 3rd 2014)

CHAPTER 1 : SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE

Industrial safety is a tool or instructions that can make workers comfortable and also feel secure with his work. Security in industry is very important especially in the workplace. Actually, so many accidents in a work environment where can be avoided. Companies should give a policy that can make workers safe and also people can contribute reduce the number of accidents on workers. There are 2 the main causes of accidents at work environment among others:

1.   Human error: accidents caused by human error in industry. For example: operators oil platforms of smoking at the time of refueling in the car so as to cause of the fire.
2. Material failure: accidents caused by goods production with quality bad, so that doesn’t accord standard and causing the accident in industry or example: an additional ingredient chemically so that workers poisoning.

Factors cause of the accident such work can be avoided by giving a clue security for operators and people. Standard safety become very important for all companies in the world, because resources is very important for all industry in the world.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Administration (OSHA) has been established colors to design caution and dangers:

1.  Red: Fire protection equipment and apparatus portable containers or flammable liquids. Emergency stop buttons and switches.
2.  Yellow: caution and physical hazardous.
3. Orange : dangerous part of machines and also safety start buttons.
4. Purple: Radiation hazardous.
5. Green : safety.

Personal Safety Attire

Clothing should fit snugly to avoid danger of becoming entangled in moving machinery or creating a tripping or stumbling hazard. Recommended safe work clothes include:

1. Thick-soled work shoes for protection against sharp objects such as nails. Wear work shoes with safety toes if the job requires. Make sure the soles are oil resistant if the shoes are subject to oils and grease
2. Rubber boots for damp locations
3. A hat or cap. Wear an approved safety helmet (hard hat) if the job requires.

Confine long hair or keep hair trimmed and avoid placing the head in close proximity to rotating machinery. Do not wear jewelry. Gold and silver are excellent conductors of electricity.

So, that all equipment which can using in industry to make operator and worker feel safe and comfortable in workplace.

Reference : Petruzella, D. Frank (1996). Industrial Electronics. New York : McGraw-Hill 

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